BANFORD’S LAW – TOOL FOR ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56362/Rev23102135CKeywords:
information, Benford’s law, manipulation, accounting, auditingAbstract
The information presented in the financial statements should provide an objective and true representation of the financial position and results of operations of the reporting entity.One of the instruments to reach a conclusion about the reliability of these information, which expanded with the development of information technologies, is Benford’s law. The aim of the paper is to contribute to understanding of Benford’s law, particulary the possibilities, advantages and limitations of the application of Benford’s Law.
References
ACFE Occupational Fraud (2022). A Report to the Nations, Association of Certified Fraud Examiners. Dostupno na www.ACFE.com.
Asslani, A. & Naco, M. (2014). Using Benford’s Law for Fraud Detection in Accounting Practices, Macrotehnik Institute, Journal of Social Science Studies, ISSN 2329-9150, Vol. 1, No. 2
Arsić, J. (2016). Primena Benfordovog zakona u reviziji, master rad, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno matematički fakultet, Departman za matematiku i informatiku, str. 12
Beke Trivunac, J. (2020). Trendovi u konceptima znanja koja su potrebna računovođama i revizorima. Revizor, 23(91-92), 87-95. https://doi.org/10.5937/Rev2092087B
Benford, F. (1938). The law of anomalous numbers, Proc. Amer. Philosophical Soc. 78:551–572
Benford, F. (1994). The Law of Anomalous numbers, Schenectady, Njujork,
Belak, V. (2011). Poslovna forenzika i forenzično računovodstvo, Belak Excellens d.o.o., Zagreb, 2011.
Carlslaw, C. (1988). Anomalies in income numbers: Evidence of goal oriented behavior, The Accounting Review, Vol. 63, pp. 321-327.
Coderre, D. (2009). Primena kompjutera u sprecavanju i otkrivanju kriminalnih radnji,“ John Wiley&Sons, Hoboken, New Yersey, pp 197-203.
Durtschi, C., Hillison, W. & Pacini, C. (2004). The Effective Use of Benford’s Law to Assist in Detecting Fraud in Accounting Data , Edwards, Inc,
Diekmann, A. & Ben, J. (2010). Benford’s Law and Fraud Detection: Facts and Legends“, German Economic Review 11(3), pp. 397–401
Engel, S. (2010). Fact and Fiction in EU-Governmental Economic Data, German Economic Review 12(3), pp. 243–255
Hill, T.P. (1998). The First Digit Phenomenon, American Scientist, Vol. 86, pp. 358-363.
Jasak, Z. (2010). Benfordov zakon i reinforcement učenje, magistarski rad, JU Univerzitet U Tuzli, Prirodno-matematički fakultet, Tuzla.
Jesus Gonzales-G., & Gonzalo, P. ( 2009). Benford’s Law and Macroeconomics Date Quality, International Monetary Fund,
Knežević, S., Obradović, T., & Milojević, S. (2022). Upravljanje rizikom od pojave korupcije u sektoru odbrane. Revizor, 25(99), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.56362/Rev2299021K
Kinnunen, J. & Koskela M., (2003). Who is Miss World in Cosmetic Earnings Management ? A Cross-National Comparison of Small Upward Rounding of Net Income Numbers among Eigtheen Countries“, Journal of International Accounting Research, Vol. 2, pp. 39-68.
Milojević, M., Terzić, I. & Marjanović, V. (2014). Primena Benfordovog zakona u otkrivanju anomalija u finansijskim izveštajima – slučaj velikih preduzeća u Srbiji. doI: 10.15308/SInteZa-2014-564-570
Moller, M. (2009). Measuring the Quality of Auditing Services with the Help of Benford’s Law– An Empirical Analysis and Discussion of this Methodical Approach”, available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1529307
Newcomb, S. (1881). Note on the Frequency of Use of the Different Digits in Natural Numbers, American Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 4, No. 1. pp. 39-40.
Nigrini, M.J. (1996). A Taxpayer Compliance Application of Benford’s Law”, Journal of the American Taxation Association, Vol. 18, pp. 1: 72-91.
Nigrini, M.J. (1999). I’ve got your number”, Journal of Accountacy, Vol.37, pp. 79-83
Nigrini, M.J. (2012). Benford’s Law: Applications for Forensic Accounting, Auditing, and Fraud Detection. Wiley Corporate F&A. John Wiley & Sons. isbn: 9781118152850. http://books.google.com/books?id=Bh5Vr I1NZoC.
Papić, M. Vudrić, N., & Jerin K. (2017). Benfordov zakon i njegova primjena u forenzičkom računovodstvu Zbornik sveučilišta Libertas, 1-2,
Petković, A., & Cvetković, D. (2018). Interne kontrole protiv kriminalnih radnji u funkciji pouzdanog finansijskog izveštavanja. Revizor, 21(82), 33-44. https://doi.org/10.5937/Rev1882033P
Todter, K.-H. (2009). Benford’s Law as an Indicator of Fraud in Economics, German Economic Review, Vol. 10, pp. 339–351.
Watrin, C., Struffert, R. & Ullmann, R. (2008). Benford’s Law: An Instrument for Selecting Tax Audit Targets?, Review of Managerial Science 2, pp. 219–237.